![]() Just replace actor/object ID with a Base ID (not a Ref ID). Use this to spawn NPCs and monsters at your location. Sets your maximum carry weight to desired amount. Set this number to anything more than 100 to speed up movement. Up or down your player level as you see fit. Replace # with desired amount.Īdds specified shout to player's ability list.Īdjust player's bounty level. Replace # with desired amount.Īdds lockpicks to inventory. Skills are input via their in-game names without spaces, apart from Archery which is "Marksman", and Speech, which is known as "Speechcraft".Īdds gold to your inventory. "skill" is the skill you want to advance, and # is the amount you want to add. If you alter your race this will reset your level and skills, but any other change is safe.Īdds skill experience. You can turn off the UI for taking great screenshots or turn off detection from NPCs to make yourself the perfect thief.Īdds every shout and spell to your spellbook (including developer and placeholder spells, adding a lot of clutter).Īdvance one level without gaining a perk.īring up the character creation menu to adjust the way your character looks. Toggle commands for Skyrim turn various game features off or on. Spawns desired number of specified NPC or item at your location. Not as fast as using player.advskill and adding 9999 experience at a time, but more fine-grained. Skills are specified via their in-game names, apart from Archery, which is "Marksman," and Speech, which is "Speechcraft." You'll need numbers in the thousands to actually make the score go up. Replace with the skill you want to advance, and with the amount of experience you want to add. Level up skill by adding skill experience. Sets your maximum carry weight to specified amount. They'll still get upset if you fail to pickpocket them.Īdds item to player inventory. Toggles the ability for NPCs to witness your crimes. Toggles NPC combat AI, making all NPCs passive. Toggles collision, putting you in a no-clip state where you can fly around and move through the environment. While we've listed the full range of Skyrim's console commands further below, these commands are probably the ones you're looking for if you're in need of some quick Skyrim cheat codes.Įnables God Mode, making you invulnerable and giving you infinite stamina and magicka. Otherwise, here's a quick cheat sheet of reference pages where you can find those codes. If you're specifying an item or NPC in front of you, click on them while you've brought up the console to get their code immediately. ![]() Many of these console commands require specifying an NPC or item or place with a reference number. You don't want to make some change and get stuck with it. Goggamespyi7b6ybpnpnlwhb4md6owgbijfsuj6z5hesqt3yfyz42rad.Be warned, some of these console commands may cause glitches, problems, or crashes, so it's definitely worth saving your game first. Please do not bug us with these sort of requests. How are download links prevented from expiring?Īll games are available to be voted on for a re-upload 30 days after they were last uploaded to guard against dead links. This is to deter bots from scraping the site and issuing a DMCA takedown on filehosters. ![]() Why do I have to complete captcha to view download links? Every installer is checked for authenticity from GOG.com and integrity before uploading. OMG! My antivirus software is reporting I downloaded malware! What gives? No, this would cost even more time and money. Please use JDownloader 2 to download game files and 7-Zip to extract them. What is the easiest way to download or extract files? Simple! To upload and share games from GOG.com. ![]() Frequently Asked Questions What is the purpose of this site? ![]()
0 Comments
![]() Many economy windows provide lifetime warranties, giving the impression that they’ll last forever. If you’re considering replacing the windows in your home or inspecting the condition of windows in a house you’re interested in, you’ll want to look for fogged glass, damaged frames, and drafty rooms.Īlthough high-quality windows are available in residential new construction and remodeling, it’s difficult to determine how long the windows will last based on appearance and warranty alone. – Signature Windowsĭepending on the window type, a well-maintained window will generally last 20-50 years. If you have tried these solutions and still see moisture inside your windows, it may be time to consider a window replacement. If you have blinds, raise them to allow air to circulate against the window.Be sure to ventilate when cooking, showering, or doing laundry.Your whole house must work against cold air rising from the ground below. ![]()
![]() ![]() Hydraulic angle brooms require an additional electrical connection in order to actuate the hydraulics. If you have repetitive jobs that don't require constant adjustments this may be the perfect choice for your application. The main advantage of a manual angle skid steer broom is a lower pricing. The curtain around the bottom of the sweeper contains the dirt and debris, and creates a small vacuum area that helps keep the debris moving into the bucket. After the heavy debris has been picked up, the sweeper can be reversed again to sweep forward while the skid steer moves forward. This sends the debris upwards around the hood of the sweeper and then down into the bucket.įor heavier debris, it may be necessary to reverse the direction of the sweeper and slowly sweep it backwards into the bucket for the first pass as the skid steer moves forward. Most manufacturers recommend that you sweep debris in a forward direction, as the skid steer moves forward. Pick up brooms will come with a direct drive hydraulic motor that can be used in forward or reverse. On many models of pick up brooms, the gutter brush can be moved to either side of the skid steer. ![]() Gutter brushes are hydraulically operated and the height is adjusted manually with a chain. ![]() The gutter brush is used to sweep debris from along side curbs and other structures so that it can be picked up by the pick up broom. If you are looking to add an additional gutter brush for your pick up broom, both Blue Diamond and Haugen attachments are a great option. Water kits use an electrical pump to send water to several nozzles that fan the spray out in front of the broom. Many municipalities have regulations requiring clean up work have dust suppression in place using tools such as water kits for pick up brooms. Blue Diamond offers a low profile 37 gallon water kit, which is a great help keeping dust and dirt down, and helps attain a high quality sweep. Optional water kits are available from some manufacturers and are highly recommended for pick up broom attachments. Unlike the angle broom, the pick up broom is designed to be used without any angling, therefore, you don't need to decide between manual and hydraulic angles. This works great when you need to clean up job sites without simply sweeping dirt to the side.īlue Diamond offers pick up broom attachments in 60" to 96" wide models. The pick up broom sweeps dirt and debris into a bucket that can later be dumped. Pick Up Broom | Skid Steer AttachmentĪ pick up broom is another style of sweeping skid steer attachment. It can be used with both the manual and hydraulic skid steer broom attachments. The water kits helps to keep dust, dirt, and other debris wetted down so it doesn't become airborne.īlue Diamond offers an optional 25 Gallon water kit that mounts on top of the sweeper. ![]() Optional water kits are available for most broom attachments. This requires your skid steer to have an external electrical connection as well. This is a popular option, removing manual labour and giving you the most versatility at your job site. Hydraulic AngleĪngle broom attachments can also be purchased with the ability to change angles hydraulically. If the angle must be changed, you have to stop sweeping and manually remove the pin and reset the angle. With a manual angle broom, you set the angle of your rotary broom with a locking pin before you begin sweeping. When deciding on the right size of angle broom for your skid steer, you should ensure that the angled width of your broom will cover your wheel base. This allows your skid steer to sweep debris to the side, allowing you to work from one side of the job site to the other. Looking for information on a Push Broom Attachment? Click Here! Manual and Hydraulic Angle BroomsĪngle broom attachments are best when used on an angle. Skid steer angle brooms (also commonly referred to as a rotary broom) is a popular skid steer attachment used to clear dirt and debris from parking lots, driveways, side walks and job sites.Īngle broom attachments use your skid steers auxiliary hydraulic system to turn a large drum with a mix of poly and steel bristles. With so many options on the market, how can you be sure you're making the right decision? Check out this article, we'll take a closer look at the different types of skid steer brooms and sweepers available and help you decide which is the best option for your needs. When it comes to choosing the best skid steer brooms and sweepers for your business, it can be tough to decide which one is right for you. ![]() ![]() ![]() If you'd like, you can export your Quicken data right to Turbo Tax! This is a very convenient feature, especially for tax season. The only negative part about this is that this score will only be updated quarterly. Quicken gives you your credit score through a third-party called Equifax. Save rental documents and refer to them on the app.Keep track of both paid and outstanding rent.The Home & Business edition of app includes some great tools that can be very beneficial. Quicken Business and Property Management Features Compare your returns to market averages.Enter your address into the app and boom, you can keep track of this value as it fluctuates.īoth Quicken's Premier and Home & Business plan features several great investment tools. Quicken can tell you your home's market value! This is only available if you purchase the Premier or Home & Business plan, but it's a great, unique feature. However, this service is only available if you purchase the Premier or Home & Business plan. With this tool, you can pay any of your bills directly from the platform. Here are some of the features within Quicken. This means that Quicken users don't have to worry about cloud storage hackers, and security risks are pretty minimum. Other apps use their own interfaces or iCloud to keep your information. People love Quicken because user information is stored on your own device. You can use this app for all of your personal finance needs without depending on any other apps. When ranked against other similar budgeting apps on the market, it typically has some of the best features. Quicken's biggest advantage is that it is extremely comprehensive. Looking to take control of your finances and start planning your path to financial freedom today? Check out The Financial Freedom Blueprint ® Course! Quicken Both apps will also show you your credit score and will send you emails or texts with updates regarding your finances. You can link credit cards, bank accounts, loans, and investment accounts, and synchronize everything onto one platform.īoth apps can be used on computers, smartphones, and other smart devices. That way, you can look at all of your financial needs and budget accordingly. Quicken and Mint Platform Featuresīoth Quicken and Mint allows you to link all of your financial accounts to the app so that all of your information is in one place. Let's look at them side by side and compare them with each other. The biggest difference between them is that Mint is free, while Quicken has a cost.ĭoes that mean you should choose Quicken because that fee means it's a better program? Not necessarily. They are similar, but each one has its own strengths. Mint and Quicken are two very popular budgeting software systems. Let's take a closer look at both of these great budgeting apps. ![]() However, both can be extremely helpful and keep your finances organized. Mint is free, while Quicken will cost you a small fee. Mint and Quicken are perfect examples of these tools. Some of these tools don't cost anything, but some can still really benefit you for only a small fee. Modern budgeting tools simplify managing your money. ![]() ![]() Bravo then to former modders Forgotten Empires, who tinkered with the game they loved long enough to inherit it, and yet never went too far. Altering the formula of a classic is always a risk - and in Ensemble Studios’ case, it was one that didn’t pay off. While its early-2000s successors, Age of Mythology and Age Of Empires 3, were both good games, they suffered from their attempts to innovate on a proven formula. Make no mistake: this is much more of a compilation job than it is any kind of reimagining.īut then, crucially, there’s also nothing added that dilutes the success of the original, either. Still, virtually every design decision its quality rests on was made twenty years ago, and what few changes have been to its inner workings are fairly conservative. And with the release of Age Of Empires 2 Definitive Edition, it’s… well, it’s still that. Buildings and ships drop debris when they're damaged.īoth are good and have their own flaws, but I think AoE 2 is better in my opinion.Developer: Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media, Wicked WitchĪge Of Empires 2 is, as far as I’m concerned, the greatest real-time strategy game of all time. Implementation of trading posts to build near a trade route to collect exp/resources periodically or build one at a native tribe to allow you to build their unit(s). No resource drop off buildings like the lumber camp or mining camp, so each villager collects resources overtime. A card system that lets you bring in resources/units/villagers/tech upgrades/buildings from your home city. They'll make comments depending on the situation like at the start of a match as your ally or an enemy, or when their scout has found your base. Fully voiced characters portraying as a country in skirmish mode (i.e Queen Elizabeth as the British and Henry the Navigator as the Portuguese). Fully voiced fictional story mode with cutscenes. Handful of civilizations to play as during the gunpowder era. You can only build 8 towers in AoE 3 which I hate a lot since I love to turtle and boom. ![]() Does not have a build limit on buildings. AoE 3 only has deathmatch and regicide (where you need to kill the other player's king to eliminate them from the game) but only for one map. Campaigns that give insight on historic figures and events like Joan of Arc. Larger competitive multiplayer community. Each one has their own tech tree and bonuses that the other civilizations don't which make every civilization different. Plenty of civilizations to play as during the medieval era from Asia to Africa to Central America and across Europe. Here's my 2 cents since I have and love both. Modding for DE is not fully supported in every way yet, so new custom content is slow to arrive Story campaign is average, mostly focuses on historical fiction historical battles are cool but limited Faster paced, to the point where it can be daunting early on More diverse gameplay between civilizations, but harder to counter unless you know them all ![]() ![]() ![]() Lots and lots of available custom maps already, for original and DE Aggressive civilization balance and similarities makes standard games feel same-y, but more evenly matched in a familiar way Great campaigns, for story and gameplay variety There are some highlight story and gameplay moments, but not to the extent of the less embellished AoE2 campaigns, some of which have cool gameplay twists. Also, the campaigns don't feel as strong as the AoE2 campaigns, despite having a greater focus on specific (mostly fictional) characters. However, that fast pace means that you need to be making decisions constantly, even against the AI. It's also a much faster paced game, with limited ability to "turtle" behind walls and a lot of ways to get resources faster. The early-game sameness isn't as bad, and playstyles can vary pretty wildly. On the other hand, AoE3 has a lot more diversity in the way civilizations are handled, especially with the post-original release civilizations. However, AoE2 has a large number of really interesting campaigns, official and custom, which really take advantage of the unique scenarios to show off different parts of the game. Personally, I find it difficult to play many standard games in AoE2 because the civilizations are mostly distinguished by late-game differences, meaning most games start the same. ![]() ![]() ![]() It’s worth mentioning that the program needs heavy system resources, but runs smoothly on the latest configurations of Windows (7, 8, 10, and 11). The program comes with a range of features, including easy collaboration through the Cloud service. There’s a pretty good reason why Adobe Acrobat Professional is one of the leading PDF management tools in the industry. The perfect choice for PDF management on your PC For instance, you can encrypt documents with a password or certificate, remove certain information, restrict editing, and more. It gives you multiple ways to secure files. Adobe Acrobat Pro comes with an integrated Protect tool. In recent times, digital security has been the most important subject in the cyber industry. Thus, installation can take some time, and older PCs are prone to crashes. The only drawback of the program is that its requirement for system resources is heavy. It’s worth mentioning that you can set up preferences to make it easier to navigate through the multiple features. Due to this, you’re able to work faster on documents, irrespective of the platform or device you’re using. The tool lets you customize PDFs with a range of tools that's easily accessible with the intuitive interface. While the program offers numerous features, navigation doesn’t feel complicated. In case you’re worried about security aspects, you’ll be glad to know that the PDF reader supports password-protection for documents. With the software’s Cloud service function, you can easily view PDFs from multiple devices, from anywhere in the world. Similarly, you can use the tool’s collaborative features to track and collect signatures from clients, colleagues, and other stakeholders. With this functionality, you can create electronic signs to conveniently fill and sign forms. To fill in forms digitally, the program comes with a digital signature feature. In addition to this, users can edit and fill PDF forms directly in the app. You can even compare two documents side by side. For page-specific features, the program lets you rotate, delete, and rearrange everything. While working with Adobe Acrobat Pro, you can manipulate the file’s settings, including file size, merging pages, splitting documents, direct printing, and more. Some of the popular choices include images, web pages, MS Office formats, etc. While you can create PDFs, there’s also a built-in converter, which allows you to combine multiple file formats into PDF documents. It automatically matches the PDF’s font formatting to give the file a uniform look. With this function, you can edit the scanned information, which is converted into text. The program also features OCR scanning functionality, letting you insert other documents, images, and cropped data into the PDF file. For instance, you can add images and text, insert annotations and links, and adjust formatting options, such as image size, font size, etc. What are the features?Īdobe Acrobat Professional comes with numerous features for creating and editing PDFs. This gives quick access to frequently used tools, including the program’s well-designed interface, which merges multiple PDFs into a single file. The latest version of the PDF reader features a vertical toolbar on the right-hand edge of the main window. Whether you want to view PDFs or edit them, the entire set of tabs is visually attractive and easy to navigate. There’s one tab for files you’ve received or sent, another with files for reviewing or commenting, and the final tab for files that need digital signatures. While the program misses support for Apple’s iCloud Drive, you can access iCloud files from the ‘My Computer’ tab.Īdobe Acrobat Pro offers a second range of tabs that focus on sharing PDFs. It gives quick access to files on your PC via Document Cloud and other Cloud services, such as OneDrive, Dropbox, SharePoint, GoogleDrive, etc. You can conveniently create scans using the Adobe Scan mobile app. The ‘Home’ screen comes with separate displays for recent scans and files. You have all the tools you need to alter a PDF document. You can create PDFs, change their order, crop pages, insert digital signatures, manipulate hyperlinks, add comments, and remove parts of the document. With this software, you can perform a range of functions. Some of them can also be opened with Arabic numerals. With Adobe Acrobat Pro, you can also open pages numbered with Roman numerals. With a single right-click on the thumbnails, you can manage multiple features, such as page numbering, scanning, ordering, etc. The left-hand sidebar displays page bookmarks, attachments, and thumbnails. ![]() Adobe Acrobat Professional has a user-friendly interface. ![]() ![]() And if you wear hearing aids and your costume includes a mask, hat, or headpiece, be careful when you remove them so that you don’t lose your hearing devices. If you’re heading out trick-or-treating, make sure you have backup hearing aid batteries or ensure your device is fully charged. If you attend a Halloween party, take breaks if it’s noisy or move away from the speakers if there is loud music. So, if a black cat crosses your path, instead of running away take a moment to appreciate its ability to hear at greater distances and higher frequencies than humans.Īs you head out to enjoy this Halloween, be sure to take steps to ensure your safety and ability to hear. Cats have ears that are shaped to capture sounds and even have additional muscles that allow them to twitch or move their ears toward the sound. For now, the lesson is if you ever get stuck in a giant spider web, don’t move, don’t scream, or it may find you…Ĭats have fantastic hearing, particularly at higher pitches. Spiders, a great friend in pest control but obviously creepy, could also provide a window into different ways of hearing that could lead to technological advancements for the treatment of hearing loss. ![]() The study noted that the spider web in fact helped the sound wave carry farther than it would through the air alone, and many of the spiders physically responded to the vibration of sound. The study found that the web of orb-weaving spiders captures vibrations from sound in the air. Then again, that’s only less scary so long as the bat flying overhead isn’t Dracula himself.Ī recently published study focused on orb-weaving spiders found that webs are used to capture sounds, not just motion or vibrations from predators or food. Less scary, bats also use echolocation to navigate. The sound waves bounce off the prey, creating an echo that directs the bat to their meal. Some have sharp fangs and teeth, some are parasites, and some look terrifying but are actually harmless. These scary-looking animals from biomes on land and sea often have a chilling effect at first glance. Some animals however, do not fit this description. Echolocation is where the animal, in this case a bat, emits a very high-pitched sound beyond the range that humans are able to hear. The animal kingdom is full of cute and cuddly creatures. While only a small selection of the many eerie creatures in the animal kingdom, bats, spiders, and black cats all have different ways of hearing and could provide additional insight into the science of hearing and how to improve hearing technologies.īats, an iconic symbol of Halloween, are fascinating in that they use echolocation to find prey. With the spooky season upon us, we thought it would be fun to review a few creatures with scary good hearing. Halloween is right around the corner, a time for creative costumes, trick-or-treating, and watching for witches flying across the sky. ![]() ![]() Creepy Creatures: Scary Good at Hearing by Bridget Dobyan, HIA Director of Public Policy & Advocacy October 26, 2022 ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() I have this shirt in 3 colors and love it! Also love their Perfect Fit Turtleneck. | Turtleneck: J.Crew Tissue Turtleneck in white. Other sleeveless options that would look great with turtlenecks underneath include the Luxe Cotton A-Line Dress from Everlane and the Tambour Shift Dress from Tommy Bahama.| Shoes: Everlane Modern Loafers in black. Dress: Princeps Shift Dress from Anthropologie. Want to see some of these looks in action? Here’s where I show and tell! Below are 8 fresh (and super easy!) ways that I styled a shift dress. Grab a leather coat to throw over your shoulders, or even layer something like a casual t-shirt over the shift to dress the look down even further. Throw on a scarf or a cute beret to add more pops of femininity.įor a casual, hip look, consider wearing your shift dress with platform shoes or even sneakers. Booties look great as well especially if they’re a fun print such as leopard they bring a great element to your look. Go for knee-high or over the knee bootes in cooler months. To amp up the chicness of your shift, pair your shift dress with boots. Add a belt if you’d like for your waistline to be more defined. Wear your shift dress with a blazer, especially if your shift is like mine and doesn’t have sleeves. Wear your shift with leggings, or simple black or nude tights, to amp up the professionalism. Styling a shift dress all depends on the vibe you want.įor a more professional look, pair your shift with high heels or flats. Which leads me to… Easy Tips On How To Wear A Shift Dress I also think they are the perfect canvas for getting creative! Their shape lends itself to lots of great options. See where I’m going here? The absence of definition around your waist and boxy shape is a good thing. Whereas other dress styles can tend to hug and define the waist, a shift takes that pressure off and instead highlights your legs.įor example, when I worked in corporate, I actually wore shift dresses a lot to work prior to announcing I was pregnant when I was trying to hide my baby belly. ![]() To which I totally get how they can be intimidating to style! But really, that boxy silhouette is a styling advantage. Here’s why.īecause of the straight lines that define them, shift dresses are typically shaped with more of a “boxy” silhouette. That said, I also do believe that shift dresses are universally flattering. And, typically, if you feel good you also look good. While I love me a great shift, I know there’s questions about what body types they work on, and how to make them look good.īefore I go into the below, I want to note that I’m a firm believer that if you feel good, that’s all that matters. They did a much better job than I, no? Let’s move on. Above all, a shift dress should hang loosely from the body without a fitted cut.” Typically, a shift dress is sleeveless, though some styles have short sleeves or off-the-shoulder variations. But, what actually defines one? Our friends at Who, What, Wear describe a shift dress perfectly: “Simply put, a shift dress refers to a short dress that hangs straight down from the shoulders with clean, simple lines. I also think of Jackie O or Twiggy when I think of this style, because it was all the craze in the 60s. ![]() Visually, I always think of shift as a dress that falls straight down and is minimalistic. So, for that reason, let’s dive in to a few easy tips on how to wear them. I don’t see them stopping any time soon, which is why they’re the perfect dress to invest in.īuuuuut I also know they can be a bit intimidating. (No matter what part that is, mind you!) They just work, and they have for decades. They’re classic and timeless, and a go-to for when you want to look the part. You guys know I’m a lover of versatility, and these dresses are it in terms of ways you can wear them, especially for when you want to bring more of a professional, chic element to your look. Want to know the best thing about a shift dress? You can easily shift it from day to night, from corporate environments to out on the town, from dressed up to down. ![]() ![]() ![]() This refers to your climbing ability and running jump. Second-story work- No, this does not mean you get to add more to your backstory. ![]() Fast hands- Pickpocketing go brrr! This ability doesn’t just cover crime but also your skill in lock picking, using your tools and weapons, and disarming.It’s very suitable for a Tabaxi due to their knack for “borrowing” objects. Thief: A vanilla subclass to being a Rogue but not a bad one if your character is cunning and more on street crime.So yes, you b**** slap someone, to death. ![]()
![]() ![]() The other two water molecules are not bonded directly to cobalt. 12 ?) and by two chlorine atoms (Co-Cl = 2.43 ?) to form a distorted octahedron. The hexahydrate COCl2.6H2O forms monoclinic crystals in which each cobalt atom is surrounded by four water molecules at the corners of a distorted square (Co-H20 =. The anhydrous salt is soluble in H2O, EtOH, Et2O, Me2CO and pyridine. On cooling or standing, the writing becomes invisible again. writing using an aqueous solution is almost invisible on paper, but becomes blue on warming the paper. Note: CoCl2 in H2O is a “sympathetic ink”, i.e. The solid dihydrate gives a blue-purple solution with EtOH. The hexahydrate m 86o forms pink to red deliquescent crystals.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrateloses 4H2O on heating at 52-56o and forms the violet dihydrate which loses a further H2O at 100o to form the violet monohydrate which loses the last H2O at 120-140o to give the pale blue anhydrous deliquescent salt m 735o and b 1049o.Ī pink solution of CoCl2 in H2O becomes blue on heating to 50o or adding conc HCl which may precipitate the mono or dihydrate. The process is repeated several times, water being removed in a dry-box using air filtered through glass wool and dried over CaCl2.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydratehas also been crystallised from dilute aqueous HCl. The first half of the material that crystallises in this way is used in the next crystallisation. While cobalt(II) fluoride is the product of the reaction of anhydrous cobalt(II) chloride with hydrofluoric acid, cobalt(III) fluoride is obtained from fluorination of an aqueous solution of cobalt(II) chloride.Īddition of potassium nitrite, KNO2 to a solution of cobalt(II) chloride yields yellow crystalline potassium hexanitrocobaltate(III), K3Co(NO2)6.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate can be used as an inducer of HIF-1 production used to study apoptotic effects in HepG2 cells.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate can be used as Invisible ink humidity and water indicator in hygrometers tempereture indicator in grinding in electroplating for painting on glass and porcelain preparation of catalysts fertilizer and feed additive foam stabilizer in beer as absorbent for military poison gas and ammonia in manufacture of vitamin B12.ĬhEBI: A hydrate of cobalt chloride containing cobalt (in +2 oxidation state), chloride and water moieties in the ratio 1:2:6.Ī saturated aqueous solution at room temperature is fractionally crystallised by standing overnight. Reaction with ammonium hydrogen phosphate yields cobalt(II) phosphate:ģCoCl2 + 2(NH4)2HPO4 → Co3(PO4)2 +4NH4Cl + 2HCl Reaction with alkali hydroxide produces cobalt(II) hydroxide: The anhydrous compound also may be obtained by passing chlorine over cobalt powder.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate undergoes many double decomposition reactions in aqueous solution to produce precipitates of insoluble cobalt salts.įor example, heating its solution with sodium carbonate yields cobalt(II) carbonate: The solution on concentration and cooling forms crystals of hexahydrate which on heating with SOCl2 dehydrates to anhydrous Cobalt chloride hexahydrate.Īlternatively, the hexahydrate may be converted to anhydrous CoCl2 by dehydration in a stream of hydrogen chloride and dried in vacuum at 100–150☌. Blue leaflets turns pink in moist air hygroscopic the dihydrate is violet blue crystal the hexahydrate is pink monoclinic crystal density 3.36, 2.48 and 1.92 g/cm3 for anhydrous salt, dihydrate and hexahydrate, respectively anhydrous salt melts at 740☌ and vaporizes at 1,049☌ vapor pressure 60 torr at 801☌ the hexahydrate decomposes at 87☌ the anhydrous salt and the hydrates are all soluble in water, ethanol, acetone, and ether the solubility of hydrates in water is greater than the anhydrous salt.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate has several applications.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate is used in hygrometers as a humidity indicator as a temperature indicator in grinding as a foam stabilizer in beer in invisible ink for painting on glass in electroplating and a catalyst in Grignard reactions, promoting coupling with an organic halide.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate also is used to prepare several other cobalt salts and in the manufacture of synthetic vitamin B12.Ĭobalt chloride hexahydrate is prepared by the action of cobalt metal or its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate with hydrochloric acid: ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |